Which joint allows opposition

Saddle joints are a type of synovial joint that allow articulation by reciprocal reception. Both bones have concave-convex articular surfaces which interlock like two saddles opposed to one another. Saddle joints allow movement with two degrees of freedom much like condyloid joints. Unlike ball and socket joints , saddle joints do not allow axial rotation. Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys.

Updating… Please wait. Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again. When you bend your elbow, you decrease the angle between your upper arm and your forearm. This is an example of flexion. This is an example of extension. Abduction and adduction are movements related to the midline of a structure.

For example, spreading your fingers wide moves them away from the midline down the center of your hand. Adduction is a return toward the midline. Some saddle joints are also capable of combining flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movements.

The prime example of a saddle joint is the trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of your thumb. It connects the trapezium and the metacarpal bone of your thumb. The flexion-extension and abduction-adduction characteristics of this joint allow your thumb to spread out wide to help grasp large objects, while also allowing it to move inward, to tightly touch each of your other fingers. This is also a fairly common site for osteoarthritis , which can cause pain, weakness, and stiffness in your thumb and inner wrist.

This joint is where your clavicle collarbone meets your manubrium, which is the upper part of your sternum breastbone. These movements of the vertebral column involve both the symphysis joint formed by each intervertebral disc, as well as the plane type of synovial joint formed between the inferior articular processes of one vertebra and the superior articular processes of the next lower vertebra.

In the limbs, flexion decreases the angle between the bones bending of the joint , while extension increases the angle and straightens the joint. For the upper limb, all anterior-going motions are flexion and all posterior-going motions are extension. These include anterior-posterior movements of the arm at the shoulder, the forearm at the elbow, the hand at the wrist, and the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. For the thumb, extension moves the thumb away from the palm of the hand, within the same plane as the palm, while flexion brings the thumb back against the index finger or into the palm.

These motions take place at the first carpometacarpal joint. In the lower limb, bringing the thigh forward and upward is flexion at the hip joint, while any posterior-going motion of the thigh is extension. Note that extension of the thigh beyond the anatomical standing position is greatly limited by the ligaments that support the hip joint.

Knee flexion is the bending of the knee to bring the foot toward the posterior thigh, and extension is the straightening of the knee. Flexion and extension movements are seen at the hinge, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints of the limbs see Figure 9. Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury.

Similarly, hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge joints such as the knee or elbow. Abduction and adduction motions occur within the coronal plane and involve medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb. Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the opposing movement that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline.

For example, abduction is raising the arm at the shoulder joint, moving it laterally away from the body, while adduction brings the arm down to the side of the body. Similarly, abduction and adduction at the wrist moves the hand away from or toward the midline of the body. Spreading the fingers or toes apart is also abduction, while bringing the fingers or toes together is adduction.

Adduction moves the thumb back to the anatomical position, next to the index finger. Abduction and adduction movements are seen at condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints see Figure 9. Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle. It involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint.

This type of motion is found at biaxial condyloid and saddle joints, and at multiaxial ball-and-sockets joints see Figure 9. Rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint. Rotation of the neck or body is the twisting movement produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between adjacent vertebrae.

At a pivot joint, one bone rotates in relation to another bone. This is a uniaxial joint, and thus rotation is the only motion allowed at a pivot joint. For example, at the atlantoaxial joint, the first cervical C1 vertebra atlas rotates around the dens, the upward projection from the second cervical C2 vertebra axis. Similarly, the hinge joint of the ankle only allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot.

Condyloid and saddle joints are biaxial. These allow for flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction. The sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction produces circumduction. Multiaxial plane joints provide for only small motions, but these can add together over several adjacent joints to produce body movement, such as inversion and eversion of the foot.

Similarly, plane joints allow for flexion, extension, and lateral flexion movements of the vertebral column. The multiaxial ball and socket joints allow for flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and circumduction. In addition, these also allow for medial internal and lateral external rotation. Ball-and-socket joints have the greatest range of motion of all synovial joints.

Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle decreases the angle of the ankle joint, while plantar flexion increases the angle of the ankle joint. The joints between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae can contribute to which movement? Movement of a body region in a circular movement at a condyloid joint is what type of motion?

Briefly define the types of joint movements available at a ball-and-socket joint. Ball-and-socket joints are multiaxial joints that allow for flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction, and medial and lateral rotation.

Discuss the joints involved and movements required for you to cross your arms together in front of your chest. To cross your arms, you need to use both your shoulder and elbow joints.

At the shoulder, the arm would need to flex and medially rotate. At the elbow, the forearm would need to be flexed. Skip to content Joints. Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Define the different types of body movements Identify the joints that allow for these motions. Movements of the Body, Part 1. Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move.

These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body, or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions.

Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body medial or internal rotation or away from the midline lateral or external rotation.

Movements of the Body, Part 2. Abduction and Adduction Abduction and adduction motions occur within the coronal plane and involve medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb. Circumduction Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle. Rotation Rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint.

Supination and Pronation Supination and pronation are movements of the forearm. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint. Inversion and Eversion Inversion and eversion are complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal bones of the posterior foot intertarsal joints and thus are not motions that take place at the ankle joint.

Protraction and Retraction Protraction and retraction are anterior-posterior movements of the scapula or mandible. Depression and Elevation Depression and elevation are downward and upward movements of the scapula or mandible.